Gilgit-Baltistan, a mountainous region in northern Pakistan, is famous for its beautiful landscapes with many of the highest mountains in the world such as K2, Nanga Parbat, Rakaposhi, and Gasherbrum etc. It also has unique cultural heritage. However, in recent years, this region has been facing a growing health crisis: an alarming increase in cancer cases especially in youth. This article delves into the potential causes of this rise, the challenges in addressing it, and the urgent need for action.

According to recent study by (Tufail, M., and Wu, C., 2023):

In Gilgit-Baltistan, a total of 109 cases were reported, with 57 cases among males and 52 cases among females. Among males in Gilgit-Baltistan, the most prevalent cancer was non-Hodgkin lymphoma (10.5%), followed by oral cavity cancer (8.8%), bladder cancer (7.0%), prostate cancer (7.0%), and colorectal cancer (7.0%) (Fig. 9A). Among females in Gilgit-Baltistan, the most prevalent cancer was breast cancer (19.2), followed by central nervous system cancer (7.0%), ovarian cancer (7.0%), uterus cancer (7.0%), and skin cancer (7.0%).

Possible Causes

While comprehensive research is still limited, several factors are suspected to contribute to the rising cancer rates in Gilgit-Baltistan:

• Harmful Heavy Metals in Glacial Streams:

According to a recent study by (Khatoon et al., 2024):

Environmental pollutants significantly impact health and quality of life. High levels of harmful metals in drinking water, vegetables, and soil can accumulate in the body, leading to serious health issues. In Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, the prevalence of cancer is notably high, and heavy metals are considered among the possible risk factors.

• Black Soot and ash deposits on glaciers polluting glacier streams:

The drinking water source for many communities living near glaciers is under threat. Meltwater, their primary source, is becoming polluted with soot and ash, containing harmful carcinogens.

Check out: Black Soot and Ash Deposits on Glaciers – Causes and Impacts

What is Transboundary Pollution?- Causes, Effects, Solutions

• Environmental Factors: The region’s proximity to the Karakoram and Himalayan mountain ranges raises concerns about potential exposure to natural radiation. Additionally, changes in land use, deforestation, and the use of pesticides in agriculture may be contributing to environmental pollution.
• Lifestyle Changes: With increasing urbanization and access to processed foods, dietary habits have shifted away from traditional, locally sourced foods. This change, coupled with reduced physical activity, may be increasing the risk of certain cancers.
• Genetic Predisposition: Some studies suggest that certain ethnic groups in the region may have a higher genetic predisposition to certain types of cancer.
• Lack of Awareness and Early Detection: Limited access to healthcare facilities and awareness about cancer symptoms and risk factors may be hindering early detection and treatment.
• Use of Alcohol and Drugs: Alcohol and drug use in youth can significantly increase the risk of developing several types of cancer. Alcohol is a known cause of cancers of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, colon, rectum, and breast. The risk increases with the amount of alcohol consumed. Drug use, particularly smoking, is a major cause of lung cancer and can also contribute to other cancers. Additionally, some drugs can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to cancers caused by viruses. Starting substance use at a young age increases the risk of developing cancer later in life.

Challenges in Addressing the Issue

Gilgit-Baltistan faces several challenges in tackling the rising cancer cases:

• Limited Healthcare Infrastructure: The region has a shortage of specialized cancer treatment facilities and healthcare professionals. This makes it difficult for patients to access timely and appropriate care.
• Lack of Data and Research: There is a need for more comprehensive data collection and research to understand the specific types of cancer prevalent in the region and their underlying causes.
• Socioeconomic Factors: Poverty and limited access to education can hinder awareness and early detection efforts.
• Geographical Constraints: The remote and mountainous terrain of Gilgit-Baltistan poses logistical challenges in delivering healthcare services and reaching remote communities.

Urgent Need for Action

Addressing the rising cancer cases in Gilgit-Baltistan requires a multi-faceted approach:

• Investing in Healthcare Infrastructure: Building specialized cancer centers, training healthcare professionals, and improving access to diagnostic and treatment facilities are crucial steps.
• Promoting Awareness and Early Detection: Launching public awareness campaigns to educate people about cancer risk factors, symptoms, and the importance of early detection can help improve outcomes.
• Conducting Research: Investing in research to understand the specific causes of cancer in the region and identify effective prevention strategies is essential.
• Addressing Environmental Concerns: Implementing measures to protect the environment, reduce pollution, and promote sustainable agricultural practices can help mitigate potential risk factors.
• Collaborating and Sharing Knowledge: Collaboration among healthcare providers, researchers, and policymakers at the national and regional levels is crucial for sharing knowledge and best practices.

The rising cancer cases in Gilgit-Baltistan demand urgent attention and concerted efforts from all stakeholders. By addressing the challenges and implementing comprehensive strategies, it is possible to improve cancer prevention, detection, and treatment in the region, ultimately saving lives and improving the well-being of its people.

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